Neuroprotective Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Trace Elements, and Antioxidant Vitamins on Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology in Transgenic Mouse Models

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by behavioral impairments, neurodegeneration, and the upregulation of specific pathological and inflammatory markers. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective potential of the Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Copper, Zinc, Vitamin E, Vitamin C (OCZEC) dietary supplement which is comprised of g omega-3 fatty acids, copper, zinc, and vitamins E and C in APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice. Behavioral assays revealed that OCZEC treatment effectively mitigated hyperactivity and improved alternation performance in the Y-maze task. However, no significant improvement was observed in memory performance during the Morris water maze test. Histological analyses showed that OCZEC treatment alleviated necrosis, edema, and neuronal degeneration in critical brain regions such as the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, cerebrum, and midbrain. Additionally, OCZEC-treated mice exhibited restored brain architecture, including intact Purkinje cells, granular layers, and vascular integrity. Molecular analyses revealed that the supplement significantly downregulated AD markers, including APP, BACE1, and MAPT, in OCZEC treated mice. Furthermore, OCZEC treatment reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory markers (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) and neurodegenerative markers (GFAP) while upregulating neuroprotective markers such as SYN1 and SIRT1. These findings demonstrate the potential of OCZEC as a therapeutic strategy to ameliorate AD pathology through its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.