Estimating the incidence of heart failure: Insights from an illness-death model using statutory health insurance data from 70 million people in Germany

The IDM and an associated PDE were used to estimate a rising incidence of HF with age for both men and women. These findings underscore the importance of age- and sex-specific approaches in HF prevention and management strategies, particularly in older populations where the burden of HF is most pronounced. The method complements existing estimation techniques while circumventing the necessity of costly follow-up studies.