Viral Infections in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Current Practice and Updates

Kidney transplantation is considered the gold standard treatment for patients with end-stage kidney disease. Historically, outcomes in kidney transplantation have been focused on reducing rates of rejection as the dominant cause of graft loss. However, managing the risk of rejection with infection continues to be a delicate balancing act for transplant physicians. It has long been recognised that viruses are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients with significant implications for kidney graft function and patient outcomes worldwide. This is a review article with literature selected from the PubMed database using relevant terms related to kidney transplantation and infectious diseases. This article focuses on the key viruses affecting kidney transplant recipients, including cytomegalovirus, polyoma virus, Epstein-Barr virus, varicella zoster virus, adenovirus, hepatitis B and C, and new emerging viruses. It examines differing epidemiology, diagnostic challenges, screening methods, and antiviral treatments. Key challenges for the international nephrology community include increased global mobility resulting in rapid shifts in viral epidemiology, increasing antimicrobial resistance, virus-associated malignancies, and suboptimal assays for screening donors and transplant recipients.