Land Surface Temperature Dynamics due to the Development of Batang Integrated Industrial Estate (2014 & 2024)

This study examines the relationship between land use change and Land Surface Temperature (LST) in the Batang Integrated Industrial Estate (BIIE), Central Java, using Landsat 8 imagery from 2014 and 2024. Land cover classification was performed to identify spatial changes, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated to assess vegetation cover, and thermal infrared bands were processed to estimate LST. Random sampling of 50 points per year was applied for validation, and simple linear regression was used to evaluate the correlation between vegetation cover and LST. The results indicate a substantial conversion of agricultural and vegetated areas into built-up and industrial land. The mean LST increased from 28.3 °C in 2014 to 33.9 °C in 2024, reflecting a rise of more than 5°C within a decade. Correlation analysis shows a significant negative relationship between NDVI and LST, where the correlation coefficient value indicates that a decrease in vegetation cover is accompanied by an increase in surface temperature. This finding shows that industrial development contributes directly to regional temperature increases, and emphasizes the importance of integrating environmentally friendly infrastructure into spatial planning.