Reproductive performance and physiological responses of Barki does fed Spanish panicum and cassava (Manihot esculenta) as alternatives to berseem hay

Small ruminants in developing countries often rely on Berseem hay (BH) as a primary fodder, but alternative, locally available, and nutritious feed sources are needed to improve reproductive performance and health. This study investigated the use of Spanish Panicum and cassava (Manihot esculenta) leaf meals as partial replacements for BH in the diets of Barki doe goats during the spring and autumn breeding seasons. A total of 42 healthy does (2–3 years old) were divided into three dietary groups: G1 (control, 40% concentrates + 60% BH), G2 (BH replaced by Panicum), and G3 (BH replaced by cassava). After a 4-week diet adaptation period, goats were fed their respective rations throughout mating until weaning. Blood samples were collected biweekly from the jugular vein of all does. Complete blood counts were measured immediately, and plasma was separated and stored for subsequent biochemical and immunological analyses. Both Panicum and cassava leaf meals significantly improved reproductive performance compared to BH. Conception and kidding rates reached 100% in spring, and the Panicum group achieved the highest fecundity (220%) and survival rate (95.5%) in autumn. Hematological parameters, including total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, PCV, MCHC, and leukocyte count, increased significantly in the cassava group (P < 0.0001). Pregnant does fed cassava also showed elevated plasma total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, and ATP levels (P < 0.0001). Immune status improved in both Panicum and cassava groups, with higher plasma TAC, IgG, and complement proteins C3 and C4 (P < 0.0001). Our findings indicate that incorporating Panicum and cassava leaf meals as alternatives to Berseem hay enhances reproductive efficiency, hematological health, and immunity in Barki does during breeding seasons, supporting their use as effective local feed resources.