Blood biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases: pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical challenges

Recent advances in blood-based biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases present promising opportunities for earlier diagnosis and more effective disease monitoring. However, challenges in standardizing sample collection, processing protocols, and data reporting continue to hinder reproducibility, limit cross-study comparability, and delay clinical adoption. As efforts toward harmonization progress (supported by technological innovation and integration into multimodal diagnostic strategies), blood biomarkers are expected to transition from research settings to routine clinical use, bringing precision medicine closer to individuals affected by these disorders.