Knowledge, perception, and adoption of personal biosecurity measures among ruminant veterinarians and farmers in Georgia: A cross-sectional nationwide study

Background and Aim: Zoonotic diseases pose a major global public health and economic threat, particularly in regions with intensive livestock–human interaction. Georgia, in the South Caucasus, faces endemic zoonoses such as brucellosis, anthrax, and echinococcosis, yet limited information exists on the personal biosecurity practices of those most at risk. This study aimed to assess the extent, determinants, and characteristics of personal biosecurity measures (PBMs) among ruminant farmers and veterinarians in Georgia, with emphasis on their knowledge, attitudes, and perceived zoonotic risks. Materials and Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted between July and September 2024 among 433 ruminant farmers and 114 veterinarians across nine regions and 53 municipalities. Validated, multilingual questionnaires were used to collect data on socio-demographics, zoonosis awareness, risk perception, personal protective equipment (PPE) usage, motivators, and barriers to PBM adoption. Descriptive and non-parametric analyses (Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis) were performed using R software. Results: Among farmers, 41.8% did not believe zoonoses could be contracted from animals, yet paradoxically scored higher in PBM implementation than those who did. Female farmers, those with higher education, and those who had discussed zoonosis prevention with experts demonstrated stronger adherence, whereas longer livestock experience predicted lower compliance. Among veterinarians, 70.2% self-rated their zoonosis knowledge as high, though only four correctly identified all listed zoonoses. Field veterinarians and those working ≥3 days/week scored significantly higher in PPE use (p < 0.05). Across all respondents, PPE usage was highest for gloves and farm-dedicated clothing but lowest for face masks and protective glasses during high-risk procedures such as parturition and carcass disposal. Discomfort and hot conditions were the main obstacles to PPE use. Conclusion: Personal biosecurity adoption in Georgia is widespread yet inconsistent and shaped by gender, education, experience, and perceived vulnerability. The contradiction between perceived knowledge and actual zoonotic awareness underscores the need for targeted, behavior-centered training. Expanding educational leaflets and strengthening farmer–veterinarian communication within the National Animal Health and One Health frameworks could bridge gaps between knowledge, perceptions, and practices. Keywords: biosecurity, farmers, Georgia, One Health, personal protective equipment, veterinarians, zoonoses.