IGA in CFD and FSI: Refinement Strategies, AI Integration, and Future Directions

Isogeometric Analysis (IGA), introduced by Hughes et al. in 2005, seamlessly integrates CAD and FEA by directly utilizing NURBS, T-Splines, and Subdivision Surfaces in numerical simulations. This approach eliminates geometric approximation errors while enhancing computational efficiency. This review examines key developments in fluid-structure interaction, turbulence modeling, and AI-driven optimization, highlighting innovations such as Snakes Iso-geometric Analysis for respiratory modeling, VMS-enhanced Navier-Stokes solvers, and THB-spline adaptive refinement for complex flows. Recent applications include extreme cases like Underwater Explosion FSI and the integration of Graph Neural Networks for topology optimization. With its continued development, IGA is emerging as a key framework in computational science driving innovation in high accuracy simulations and facilitating the integration of AI informed numerical techniques.