Pattern Recognition between the Path of Light and Architectural Elements in Sun Temples of India using Digital Tools: Case of Modhera Sun Temple, Gujarat

This paper explores the intersection of temple heritage and computational analysis by investigating the relationship between sunlight paths and architectural elements in a case of Modhera sun temple in Gujarat. The study decodes the intentional alignment of built elements with solar alignments using digital simulation tools such as Rhino–Grasshopper and the Ladybug plugin. The study employs a two-tiered approach, combining analogical lux meter readings and digital solar path simulations. The research analyses the patterns of solar penetration that occur only during equinoxes, affirming advanced astronomical knowledge embedded in temple design. The methodology combines spatial mapping, digital simulations, and pattern recognition to study how elements like columns, plinths, and shikhara (Main tower above sanctum) control the movement of light through the temple over time. The results demonstrate a deliberate spatial strategy that filters sunlight to illuminate the sanctum on specific celestial dates. This paper contributes to the field of heritage architecture by demonstrating how digital tools can support pattern-based interpretation of ancient knowledge discovery systems embedded in built form.