Rutin outperforms gallic acid in mitigating carbon tetrachloride-induced nephrotoxicity: Integrated in silico (docking, MD simulations, DFT) and in vivo mechanistic validation

This first direct comparison confirms rutin's superior efficacy over GA in mitigating CCl₄-induced nephrotoxicity via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. The integrated in silico and in vivo approach validates their mechanisms, highlighting rutin's prophylactic potential.