Circular advantage in global textile waste trade: geographic vs. nongeographic distances in a fragmented world

Abstract This study investigates the determinants of global textile waste trade by comparing the influence of traditional geographic distances with emerging nongeographic distances, including sustainability, resource intensity, and income disparities. Employing a cross-sectional gravity model framework for the year 2024, the analysis draws on bilateral trade data between the top 34 textile waste exporters and their importing partners. Findings reveal that while geographic distance remains statistically insignificant, nongeographic dimensions such as income and resource intensity distances play a critical role in explaining variation in trade volumes. This suggests a shift in global trade dynamics, where institutional and environmental asymmetries outweigh traditional physical distance. The study introduces the concept of “circular advantage” as a strategic lens to assess trade competitiveness in waste-related sectors. The implications are vital for trade and sustainability policymakers seeking to realign waste governance with circular economy goals.