Intimal and medial arterial calcification in peripheral arterial disease a systematic review and meta-analysis of imaging and histological evidence

PAD is characterized by a high prevalence of VC, predominantly IAC in the femoropopliteal arteries and MAC within the infra-popliteal region. The association of IAC, MAC and bone formation with distinct patient characteristics further underscores the clinical relevance and biological complexity of VC. Interpretation of these results should, however, be tempered by the absence of segment-matched CT-histology validation.