Chloroplast genomes provide new insights into the phylogeny and evolution of the genus Hibiscus L.

Our results highlight the complex relationships within Hibiscus species and their close relatives, characterized by blurred intergeneric boundaries. Moreover, Hibiscus species and their close relatives have undergone significant purifying selection, with many photosynthesis-related genes playing pivotal roles. This study provides essential genomic resources and evolutionary insights to guide future taxonomic and phylogenetic studies in Hibiscus.