Review Article: Role of Nanoparticles in Callus Induction and Enhancing Secondary Products in Vitro

Plant tissue culture (PTC) is a fundamental, critical, and instrumental element of plant biology. PTC enables studies of morphogenesis, embryogenesis, clonal propagation, advances in agriculture, and production of secondary metabolites; thus, making it an essential platform. Many uses of nanoparticles (NPs) have shown promise, including microbial disinfection, somatic alterations, callus differentiation, cryopreservation, biotransformation, organogenesis, and enhanced production of bioactive compounds. There are countless uses of NPs across sectors such as biotechnology, electronics, energy, medicine, skincare, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. This review compiles what is presently known about the use of NPs in plant tissue culture on the premise of favorable results. This review synthesizes current knowledge regarding the use of nanoparticles (NPs) in plant tissue culture by discussing the ways in which they work, the areas in which they are used, and the problems that exist when using them. A systematic search through peer-reviewed journal articles in databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed was completed. This review only includes research published between 2010 and 2025, specifically studying the use of nanoparticles in vitro on plant systems.