Controllable Generation and Mode Tuning of High‐Order Hermite–Gaussian Beams via Off‐Axis Pumping

ABSTRACT We demonstrate the generation of high‐order, 1D Hermite–Gaussian (HG) laser beams with independently tunable orthogonal directions in an off‐axis pumped Nd:YVO 4 solid‐state laser. These HG modes are successfully converted to Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) modes using a mode converter. We independently adjusted the pump beam displacement in the horizontal and vertical directions, achieving HG modes up to the 87th order. With an input power of 4 W, the HG 1 , 0 mode exhibited an output power of 1.96 W and an optical‐to‐optical conversion efficiency of 49%, while the HG 87 , 0 mode delivered an output power of 1.1 W with a corresponding efficiency of 27.6%. Continuous selection of the mode order in a specific dimension was realized by independently controlling the off‐axis displacements in two orthogonal directions. Finally, using a cylindrical lens mode converter, we successfully converted the HG modes into LG modes. This laser system can serve as a versatile source for applications including long‐range free‐space optical communication, optical trapping and manipulation of particles, optical sensing, and laser‐driven electron acceleration.