The burden of diseases from human-animal contact in 2021: a spatiotemporal analysis using the “Production-Living-Ecology” framework

The burden of AC is marked by significant multidimensional spatiotemporal inequalities, reflecting broader disparities in socioeconomic development, healthcare access, and ecological pressures. The persistent increase in case numbers and sustained mortality in resource-limited settings highlight critical systemic gaps. The regional variation in key drivers underscores the necessity for context-specific interventions, tailored to local PLES conditions, to effectively mitigate zoonotic risks and promote harmonious human-animal coexistence.