Análise histórica e impacto social e na saúde do uso de fentanil na Colômbia

Introduction: Fentanyl, a synthetic opioid up to 100 times more potent than morphine, has ignited a global public health crisis. In Colombia, its increasing diversion from the medical system to illicit markets represents an emerging threat that demands in-depth analysis. Purpose: The objective of this research was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the fentanyl phenomenon in the country, covering its history, current socio-health impact, and the systemic failures that facilitate its spread. Methodology: A qualitative methodology was employed, combining narrative documentary analysis with interviews of key informants directly involved in the legal control and institutional response to the opioid. Results: The results reveal that Colombia is in an early phase, defined by pharmaceutical diversion rather than clandestine production. A complex trafficking network exists, involving both legal and illegal actors, with hospitals and clinics being the primary point of leakage according to 67% of those interviewed. This diversion causes a severe health impact, including deaths by overdose (a link made by 78% of experts), and disproportionately affects at-risk youth (44%) and marginalized communities (33%). Conclusions: The study concludes that this problem is a symptom of deep-seated institutional flaws and social vulnerabilities. It highlights a critical window of opportunity to act, making a comprehensive response that combines public health strategies with the rigorous strengthening of controls imperative to contain the threat and prevent an escalation of the crisis.