Study on Ventilation Effectiveness of Perforated Panel External Windows and Winter Ventilation Strategies in High-Rise Office Buildings

Natural ventilation, as a key passive strategy in building energy-efficient design, holds potential for reducing energy consumption and improving indoor air quality in high-rise office buildings and contributes directly to the advancement of sustainable urban development. However, its application in cold regions during winter is constrained by the conflict between low outdoor temperatures and indoor heating demands. Perforated panel external windows, as a novel ventilation form, can maintain the integrity and safety of the building curtain wall while ensuring ventilation rates through reasonable perforation design. Nevertheless, their ventilation performance and winter applicability lack systematic research. This paper combines wind tunnel tests and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to validate the effectiveness of the porous medium model in simulating ventilation through perforated panels and systematically analyzes the impact of window opening size and perforation rate on ventilation effectiveness. Furthermore, taking Beijing as an example, the study explores ventilation effectiveness and the indoor thermal environment under different window opening forms and proportions during winter in cold regions. Results indicate that ventilation effectiveness primarily depends on the effective ventilation area and has little correlation with the window opening size. Under winter conditions, rationally controlling the window opening proportion and perforation rate can achieve effective ventilation while maintaining the indoor minimum temperature (≥18 °C). The ventilation strategies proposed in this paper provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the natural ventilation design of high-rise office buildings that balances energy savings and comfort during the cold season. The proposed ventilation strategies provide practical guidance for sustainable design in high-rise office buildings, offering a viable pathway toward energy-saving, healthy, and climate-responsive built environments during the heating season.