Heterogeneity of Shared Micromobility Utilization Throughout a Day: A Case Study for the City of Košice

This study examines spatiotemporal utilisation patterns of shared e-scooter users in Košice, Slovakia, analysing 403,683 trips recorded between 2021–2023 by Antik, a major micromobility operator. Using K-means clustering and density analysis, we identified three distinct spatial clusters corresponding to urban topology, with trips predominantly serving intradistrict and district-to-centre functions (average distances 1,071–1,275 m). Temporal analysis revealed pronounced diurnal variation: early morning trips (3.93%) were longest (1,315 m), indicating supplementary first/last-mile functions during low public transit availability, while afternoon peaks (38.74%) concentrated in central districts. Critically, vehicle redistribution during night hours created dispersed morning availability, but progressive afternoon-evening concentration in central hubs and transit transfer points reduced peripheral access. These findings demonstrate that urban topology fundamentally shapes trip patterns, while operational rebalancing creates temporal inequity. The study provides empirical foundations for evidencebased fleet management strategies, public transit integration, and policy frameworks preventing regulatory crises observed in Paris and Prague.