Comprehensive Design, Simulation, Fabrication, and Experimental Evaluation of an Ultra-Wideband Antenna Incorporating a Gain Optimization Strategy

In this paper, we present the design and optimization of an ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna operating over the frequency range of 300 to 3000 MHz. Our design approach is to develop a UWB antenna that, first, provides proper impedance matching across the specified frequency band, and second, exhibits uniform on-axis gain and gain stability over adjacent angles within the frequency range of 900 to 2200 MHz.The antenna is analyzed and simulated using CST, and the feedback obtained from each analysis iteration is fed into the optimization module, which has been implemented in MATLAB.The physical structure of the antenna resembles a V-shaped antenna with planar arms, in which the slope of each arm is defined symmetrically and in a segmented manner, with each segment assigned a distinct value. After each analysis step, the arm slopes are updated through an optimization process using a gradient-based method with a direct-search approach, such that both adequate impedance matching is achieved and the antenna’s on-axis gain—the primary design metric—remains as uniform as possible throughout the 900–2200 MHz frequency range . Also, considering the balanced nature of the antenna arms and the unbalanced nature of the coaxial cable, an arrangement was adopted to establish optimal connection between the antenna input and the pulse generator output.