MICROBIAL LIPASES FROM OIL - CONTAMINATED ENVIRONMENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Enzymes can catalyze the hydrolysis and synthesis of esters of long-chain fatty acids, microbial lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) are among the most widely used biocatalysts. Extensive study into microbial sources of lipase, particularly bacteria isolated from oil-contaminated settings, has been prompted by the growing industrial demand for environmentally benign and economical enzymes. Microorganisms with increased lipolytic activity, stability in harsh environments, and wide substrate specificity are favored by the selection pressure imposed by these environments. The present understanding of lipase-producing microbes from oil-polluted soils is thoroughly summarized in this study, which focuses on sources, isolation and screening methods, production condition optimization, purification methods, and biochemical and molecular characterisation. Recent advances in genetic and genomic approaches, including cloning and recombinant expression, are discussed with emphasis on improving enzyme yield and functionality. Furthermore, the diverse industrial applications of microbial lipases in food processing, detergents, pharmaceuticals, leather processing, biodiesel production, and environmental bioremediation are critically reviewed. The paper highlights existing challenges and future prospects for sustainable large‑scale lipase production using naturally adapted microbial systems .