Biliary Drainage During Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer: Evidence and Practical Recommendations

Pancreatic cancer frequently presents with obstructive jaundice resulting from distal malignant biliary obstruction. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is increasingly applied in resectable and borderline resectable disease. In this context, uncontrolled cholestasis or cholangitis may hinder timely chemotherapy initiation and cause unplanned hospitalizations and treatment delays; therefore, preoperative biliary drainage is essential to ensure safe and uninterrupted NAC. This review summarizes current biliary drainage strategies during NAC, focusing on key clinical goals, maintaining durable patency throughout the planned NAC course, minimizing infectious and procedure-related morbidity, reducing the need for reintervention, and avoiding adverse effects on subsequent pancreatoduodenectomy, as well as on practical decision-making in clinical practice. We compare transpapillary drainage via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) using plastic stents and self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs) and discuss the emerging "slim" fully covered SEMSs designed to reduce the risks of pancreatitis and cholecystitis while maintaining sufficient patency. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage is also reviewed as an important salvage option after failed ERCP and as a potential primary approach in selected patients, and we also discuss conventional percutaneous approaches. Overall, current evidence supports an individualized, algorithm-based strategy that prioritizes durable internal drainage to maintain NAC schedules, reserves percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage for specific indications, and underscores the need for further prospective studies evaluating long-term surgical and oncologic outcomes in resectable disease.