Cement Industry Pollution Mitigation: A Comprehensive Review on Reducing Environmental and Health Impacts

Cement production exerts a significant negative impact on the environment through the emission of greenhouse gases, particulate matter (PM), heavy metals, and other toxic substances into the atmosphere, soil, and bodies of water, degrading the environment and affecting the population's health. This study reviews different solutions to reduce pollution and mitigate its effects. Particular attention is given to Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technologies and their ability to significantly reduce CO₂. Biomass and waste-derived fuels were identified as viable substitutes for fossil fuels, although challenges related to supply chain reliability and secondary environmental impacts remain. The study further examined mitigation strategies for non-gaseous pollutants, including noise pollution control measures such as sound barriers and vibration isolation systems, soil remediation techniques such as phytoremediation and the recycling of cement kiln dust (CKD), and water pollution control technologies, including filtration, chemical precipitation, biological treatment, and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) systems. Key research gaps were identified, particularly concerning the long-term durability, scalability, and cost-effectiveness of these mitigation approaches. Overall, the review emphasizes the need for integrated pollution control strategies to support the transition toward a more sustainable cement industry and recommends future research focused on developing mitigation technologies that are efficient, economically viable, and adaptable to large-scale industrial applications.