A REVIEW ON PHENOTHIAZINE MOLECULE PROVIDES THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE FOR VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

Heterocyclic compounds, including thiazine, are characterized by a ring structure that contains four carbon atoms, one nitrogen atom, and one sulfur atom. S(C6H4)2NH Phenothiazine is a benzo derivative of tricyclic fused rings, which incorporates sulfur and nitrogen as heteroatoms. The tricyclic configuration is crucial for the physicochemical and biological properties of phenothiazines, and the synthesis process is enhanced through the application of green chemistry and functional group modifications to yield more active derivatives. Literature showed that wide range of pharmacological activities like antibacterial, anti-inflammatory antifungal, anti-tuberculosis, and anticancer properties are present with phenothiazine derivatives. Phenothiazine exhibit efficacy but also possess toxicity, including neurotoxicity and cardio toxicity, necessitating the optimization of their pharmacokinetic profiles. Furthermore, advancements in synthetic methodologies have facilitated the creation of novel derivatives with enhanced efficacy and safety profiles. This review consolidates existing knowledge regarding phenothiazine derivatives, focusing on their synthesis, biological activities, and potential therapeutic applications, highlighting their flexibility and significance in drug design. The objective of this review is to promote further research by investigating structure-activity relationships and recent developments in the field, emphasizing the therapeutic potential of phenothiazine across various disease models. This review offers a thorough examination of the history of phenothiazine, their synthesis, and their biological activities. The ability of phenothiazine derivatives to inhibit key enzymes and influence biological pathways positions them as promising candidates for drug development.