Classification, Pharmacological Properties, and Applications of Bioactive Constituents in <i>Mentha</i> Species

The aromatic genus <i>Mentha</i> (Lamiaceae), which includes about 25-30 species and many hybrids, is widely distributed across temperate and subtropical regions globally. Owing to their diverse bioactive constituents, <i>Mentha</i> species hold significant commercial value. The global peppermint oil market has exceeded USD 220 million with menthol, its core active component, accounting for approximately 30% of the global flavor and fragrance market. Research indicates that menthol and flavonoids collectively confer multiple pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. These properties underpin the industrial applications of <i>Mentha</i> in fields such as food, pharmaceuticals, and modern agriculture. The increasing demand for menthol poses sustainability challenges for traditional production methods. Exploring the use of synthetic biology to produce menthol, in order to address resource and environmental constraints, meet the expanding market demand, and unlock its potential in novel pharmaceuticals and functional foods, represents a pivotal direction for overcoming resource limitations.