A comprehensive review of power generation from solid waste using gasification and integrated gasification combined cycle systems

Research on solid waste utilization has intensified globally due to the growing need for sustainable and renewable electrical power generation. Gasification presents a promising waste-to-energy (WTE) pathway by converting solid waste feedstocks into synthesis gas (syngas), which can be used for electricity generation and other energy applications. Compared to conventional combustion, gasification offers a cleaner and more efficient conversion route, minimizing harmful emissions and enhancing energy recovery. According to reports from the World Bank and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), global solid waste generation is projected to reach 3.4 billion tons annually by 2050. The Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) configuration further enhances the performance of gasification systems by utilizing both gas and steam turbines to increase overall electrical efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This review comprehensively discusses gasification and IGCC technologies for solid waste feedstocks, examining their key components, processes, and energy performance. Findings indicate that fixed-bed and fluidized-bed gasifiers are the most implemented at the industrial level, with air and steam serving as the predominant gasifying agents in existing IGCC facilities worldwide.