Dynamic trends, spatial clustering, and multi-model projections of the global burden of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias: an analysis of GBD 1990–2021 data to 2050

The global ADOD burden is escalating with pronounced dynamic heterogeneity in growth velocity and distinct spatial patterns. Our multi-model projections warn of a mounting crisis, disproportionately impacting women, the oldest-old, and rapidly aging middle-income regions. Public health strategies must evolve from static assessments to dynamic surveillance and geographically tailored interventions, with urgent investment in prevention and care systems in high-growth clusters.