Detection and climatology of Saharan dust frequency and mass at the Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l., Switzerland)

Abstract. Saharan dust (SD) can be transported over long distances by large-scale atmospheric circulation. SD events (SDE) occur 30 to 150 times each year at the high-altitude station of the Jungfraujoch (JFJ) in the Swiss Alps. The SD detection method, applied since 2001, is based on the inversion of the single scattering albedo wavelength dependence caused by the higher coarse-mode fraction and the chemical composition of dust. Here, the reproducibility of the SD detection by different types of nephelometers and absorption photometers is first investigated and is then compared to detections based on the observed concentration of coarse-mode aerosol, source sensitivities simulated with FLEXPART as well as to the dust index provided by the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service. The difference in SD detection is stronger for various nephelometer types than for various absorption photometers. Each detection method has advantages and weakness and no one can be considered as reference. The climatology of the 23-year time series of dust hours and dust mass at the JFJ shows that the temporal influence of dust is strongest from February to June, and in October and November, whereas the dust mass is higher in spring than in fall. The SDEs detected by a high coarse-mode particle concentration have different sources and pathways to Europe than the ones detected by the optical method. The inhomogeneity in the SD time series and the high inter-annual variability restrain the evaluation of long-term trends.