Unmet needs and inequalities in sexuality, consent and relationships education: a cross-sectional study of upper secondary school students in Sweden

Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) is central to promoting adolescents' sexual health and rights. In Sweden, CSE is now referred to as Sexuality, Consent and Relationships (SCR) education, following a curriculum revision in 2022. This study explored how upper secondary school students (aged 16-19) experienced SCR education. A digital questionnaire was completed in the classroom by 1378 students (68% response rate) in early 2025, and data were analysed using bi- and multivariate methods. Most participants (61%) reported receiving sufficient education, yet notable gaps and inequalities were evident. Girls and non-heterosexual students were more likely to describe their education as insufficient. One in four students wished SCR contents had been covered more extensively, particularly violence in relationships - a theme viewed as important but often overlooked in teaching. These findings highlight disparities and unmet needs in SCR education, suggesting inequitable access to comprehensive and inclusive teaching relevant to students which may constrain their ability to build informed, respectful, and safe relationships. Strengthening the implementation of Sweden's SCR curriculum is therefore essential to ensure equitable learning opportunities that reflect young people's diverse realities.