Control Strategies of Plant Viruses Using Spray-Induced Gene Silencing

Plant viruses severely limit global crop productivity, yet no pesticide-like antiviral agents are currently available for effective control. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) technologies, acting through RNA interference, provide a sequence-specific and non-transgenic strategy to suppress viral replication and have emerged as promising non-transgenic solutions for crop protection. Spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS), which applies externally produced dsRNA through foliar sprays, seed treatments, or root uptake, provides practical advantages over genetic modification, including rapid deployment, environmental compatibility, and target specificity. Recent advances in industry-scale dsRNA production and nanomaterial-based formulations have improved dsRNA stability, uptake, and persistence in planta, supporting the feasibility of field application. However, major challenges persist, such as rapid environmental degradation, restricted systemic mobility, high production costs, and unresolved biosafety and regulatory issues. Overcoming these challenges will require innovations in cost-effective and scalable in vitro RNA production, protective formulations, and precision delivery technologies, alongside comprehensive ecological risk assessments. Finally, this review emphasizes current technological advances of SIGS, integrating with nanotechnology and other reliable field application methodologies. Taken together, these advances position dsRNA-based technologies as a realistic and transformative platform for next-generation, sustainable plant virus management.