Clinical translation of 3D bioprinting in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction: Recent progress and future directions

3D bioprinting holds transformative potential for OMF reconstruction. While progress is evident from bench to large-animal studies, clinical adoption of viable, cell-laden constructs remains elusive. Overcoming biofabrication, integration, and regulatory challenges through interdisciplinary collaboration will be critical to realize the promise of patient-specific, functional bioprinted OMF tissues in clinical practice.