Enhancing Stability in Next‐Generation Photoelectrodes Such as Organic Semiconductor and Halide Perovskite‐Based Photoelectrodes for Various Applications: Recent Advanced Passivation and Encapsulation Methods

This review explores advancements in passivation and encapsulation methods for organic semiconductor (OS) and halide perovskite (HP)-based photoelectrodes, aimed at enhancing stability in photoelectrochemical (PEC) systems. The integration of OS and HP materials in PEC devices offers high photovoltage and impressive current densities, promising efficient solar-to-fuel conversion and pollutant upcycling. However, these materials face significant intrinsic and extrinsic degradation under PEC conditions. We discuss various passivation strategies to mitigate photochemical reactions and defect-related degradation, as well as advanced encapsulation techniques to prevent electrolyte-induced corrosion. The review highlights the latest research on enhancing the operational stability and performance of OS and HP-based photoelectrodes, emphasizing their potential in sustainable energy applications and environmental remediation. Future research directions include optimizing material design, exploring new passivation and encapsulation technologies, and scaling up for practical applications. This comprehensive review underscores the critical role of material innovation in advancing PEC technology for a sustainable future.