Geochemical Distribution Characteristics, Traceability, and Health Risk Assessment of Potential Toxic Elements in Granite Weathering Crust-Type Rare Earth Mine and Its Surrounding Areas, Southeast China

The Z.D. granite weathering crust rare earth deposit in Ganzhou, China is a world-class resource. In situ leaching extraction may mobilize potentially toxic elements (PTEs) into surrounding soils. This study analyzed nine PTEs (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) in top soils within and around the mining area. A multi-method approach was employed, integrating geochemical assessment, pollution and ecological risk indices, and probabilistic health risk evaluation via Monte Carlo simulation and source apportionment using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) combined with Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis. Results indicated generally low background levels, though with localized Pb enrichment, and an overall low level of pollution and ecological risk. However, for children in nearby areas with prolonged exposure, there was a 9.11% probability of non-carcinogenic risk and a 13.82% probability of carcinogenic risk. PMF-GIS analysis traced PTEs to four sources: natural parent material, industrial emissions, mining/riverine transport, and agriculture. In conclusion, while current soil environmental risks in the Z.D. mining area remain manageable, the study underscores the need to monitor progressive PTE accumulation and children’s health risks. This work provides a scientific basis for targeted soil management and ecological restoration in rare earth mining regions.