Influence of a repeated peripheral electrical stimulation on substance P and cortisol concentrations, and behavior in German Simmental calves — a pilot study

Administration of an electrical stimulus resulted in a decrease of PSPC compared to control animals, despite animals in PAIN showing behavior indicative of nociception. These results may affect the use of substance P as an objective biomarker for nociception for the assessment of pain in cattle from a stimulus that does not cause either tissue damage or inflammation.