Frameworks for doctoral research in architecture: paradigms, designs and models of analysis

Purpose The elaboration of a doctoral thesis in architecture is a highly demanding scientific process that goes beyond design practice and requires original contributions to the advancement of the discipline. This article aims to provide a methodological guide for doctoral students and supervisors, structured into five axes: epistemological foundations of the scientific method; research strategies and designs suitable for architecture; the path of thesis construction (from topic selection to the definition of objectives, concepts and analytical model); data collection and analysis; and conclusions with contributions, ethics and public defense. Design/methodology/approach The text combines conceptual framing with practical instruments: a mini-protocol for literature review, a coherence table linking paradigm, questions and techniques, and a 10-step checklist to structure the doctoral research process. The proposed methodology simultaneously values rigorous planning and adaptive flexibility, recognizing that each decision influences the subsequent stages. Findings The article demonstrates that doctoral research in architecture requires both methodological rigor and flexibility. Each stage, from the formulation of the research problem to the communication of results, depends on a coherent articulation between epistemological paradigm, research design, and analytical model. Originality derives from critical thinking and from the integration of empirical observation, conceptual reflection, and practical contribution. Research limitations/implications The proposed framework is primarily aimed at doctoral students and supervisors in architecture. Its application to other design disciplines may require adjustments. Practical implications The tools presented – mini-protocol for literature review, coherence matrix, and 10-step checklist – offer direct operational support for doctoral programs, candidates, and supervisors seeking to reinforce methodological consistency and transparency. Social implications By valuing ethics, critical reflection and scientific integrity, the methodological guidelines strengthen the role of doctoral research in architecture as socially responsible, contributing to sustainable, cultural and urban transformations. Originality/value This article offers a rare methodological reference specifically designed for doctoral research in architecture. It provides theoretical clarification, methodological tools and applied references that bridge theory and practice, contributing to both academic rigor and social relevance.