Nanotechnology-Based Non-Vaccine Prevention and Therapeutics: Advances in Antimicrobial Nanomaterials and Targeted Drug Delivery Systems

Infectious diseases represent a massive one-health issue that needs concerted efforts. One of the most important of these efforts involves investing in nanotechnology and the physical, chemical, and biological properties of nanomaterials to contribute to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases. Non-vaccine nanotechnology approaches can enhance conventional methods by blocking infection pathways and bolstering the immune system. This review emphasizes two main aspects: nanomaterials with a natural capability to kill microorganisms—focusing on antimicrobial and antiviral actions—and nano-carrier systems for controlled drug delivery, immune modulation, and inflammation management. It details the functioning of these nanomaterials and their applications, before noting recent progress, including those with silver, zinc oxide, copper oxide, titanium dioxide, and polymer nanoparticles. Future trends highlighted in the review include green synthesis and smart nanocarriers.