Exploring seedling morphology for taxonomic delimitation and phylogenetic insights in the genus Euphorbia

This study investigates the taxonomic significance of seedling morphology in the genus Euphorbia, with emphasis on identifying and differentiating species during their juvenile stages. Key morphological traits including leaf shape, apex, base, venation pattern, and surface texture were analyzed across four Euphorbia species. The study employs both conventional morphological analyses and numerical taxonomic techniques, revealing distinct differences among species, namely E. hirta, E. serpens, E. hypericifolia, and E. prostrata. A dendrogram was constructed to illustrate phylogenetic relationships among the species, confirming the diagnostic value of seedling morphology for species identification. The results highlight the effectiveness of seedling morphological markers in species classification and offer new insights into taxonomic relationships within the genus. This study addresses a significant gap in Euphorbia seedling morphology research, providing a robust framework for future taxonomic and conservation studies, and encouraging further exploration of this diverse and complex genus.