Between energy sovereignty and climate emergency: an analysis of socio-environmental controversies on the Brazilian Equatorial Margin

Abstract The Brazilian Equatorial Margin (BEqM) is a new frontier for oil and natural gas exploration in Brazil with high geological potential, which is similar to the results found in other Latin American countries and analogous to the coast of Africa. This article aims to present a technical and critical analysis of the challenges and opportunities related to the exploration of BEqM, considering the climate emergency scenario and the commitments made by the Brazilian government regarding decarbonization. It discusses environmental licensing processes, with emphasis on the FZA-M-59 block, and the associated socio-environmental impacts, especially on traditional communities and peoples, and the Amazon’s rich biodiversity. It also assesses the importance of replenishing reserves, the role of the Research, Development, and Innovation clause in financing the energy transition, and the balance between energy security, sustainability, and social justice based on the energy trilemma. The exploitation of the BEqM is presented as a strategic opportunity for Brazil, provided it is anchored in robust socio-environmental governance instruments.