Characteristics of Biofuels Produced Using Soya Oil

Amid the energy crisis and environmental concerns, this study evaluates the characteristics of soya oil-based biofuels. Soybeans are considered a promising renewable resource for biodiesel production. The work aims to characterize the spectral properties, fatty acid composition, and physicochemical parameters of biofuels obtained by transesterification of soybean oil. The study analyzed samples of the original soybean oil and soybean oil methyl ester (SOME) using spectroscopy, gas chromatography, and physicochemical methods. The analysis confirmed the success of the transesterification reaction and revealed changes in molecular structure. Key properties of the resulting biodiesel were a density of 880 kg m⁻³ and a kinematic viscosity of 4.5 mm² s⁻¹ (both at 20 °C), an acid number of 0.2 mg KOH g⁻¹, and a higher heating value of 39.0 MJ kg⁻¹. These values align with EN 14214 requirements for biodiesel. Gas chromatography showed that the main components were linoleic, oleic, palmitic, linolenic, and stearic acids. Measurements of physicochemical parameters revealed that the density and viscosity of SOME met the biodiesel standards. The calculated calorific value of SOME is slightly lower than that of diesel fuel. The results confirm the possibility of using SOME in diesel engines, but further research is needed to optimize the production process.