Assessing Importance‐Performance Ecosystem Services in Adaptation to Community‐Based Sanitation Programs in Metropolitan Areas

ABSTRACT This study examines how adaptive capacity indicators influence residents’ willingness to participate (WTP) in community‐based sanitation programs in Koja, North Jakarta, focusing on slum and non‐slum communities. A structured survey of 400 individuals was conducted, and the data were analyzed using importance‐performance analysis (IPA) and binary choice models, including probit and logit regressions. The IPA results revealed that slum residents showed critical performance gaps in key adaptation indicators such as Asset2 (waste treatment), Flexibility1 (monitoring systems), and Agency2 (community advocacy)—indicating low‐priority but essential adaptation needs. In contrast, non‐slum residents reported higher importance and performance scores across most indicators, including Agency1, Organization1, and Learning2, suggesting better adaptive capacity. Regression findings confirmed that non‐slum residency ( β = 0.465–0.787, p < 0.05), homeownership ( β = 0.640–1.149, p < 0.01), female gender ( β = 0.437–0.844, p < 0.01), and age above 39 ( β = 0.319–0.568, p < 0.05) significantly increase the probability of WTP. The perceived importance of adaptation services was also a significant positive predictor ( β = 0.535–0.964, p < 0.01), while the performance of adaptation services was not statistically significant. These results highlight that sociodemographic factors and perceived importance are stronger motivators than service performance alone. The study underscores the value of integrating adaptive capacity dimensions—assets, flexibility, organization, learning, and agency—into sanitation planning to ensure equity and justice in urban ecosystem services. By combining IPA and econometric models, this research provides a replicable framework for identifying priority areas and vulnerable populations. The findings offer policy guidance for targeted infrastructure improvements and behavior change strategies, particularly in underserved slum areas. This integrated approach contributes to developing just, inclusive, and sustainable sanitation systems aligned with Sustainable Development Goals 3, 6, 10, and 11.