Epidemiological determinants of canine transmissible venereal tumor in Northeastern Brazil: Insights from a retrospective case–control analysis

Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) remains a prevalent neoplasm in several regions worldwide, particularly in areas with large populations of free-roaming dogs. This study aimed to identify demographic and environmental factors associated with CTVT occurrence through a case-control design involving 89 confirmed CTVT cases and 1243 controls. Variables evaluated included age group, sex, reproductive status, breed type, body size, living environment, street access, and body weight category. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression were applied to determine adjusted odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals. The chi-square analysis revealed significant associations for sex, breed type, body size, street access, age, and weight category, while reproductive status and living environment were not significant. In the multivariate model, street access emerged as the strongest predictor, with dogs allowed unrestricted outdoor access showing markedly higher odds of developing CTVT. Mongrel dogs, medium-sized dogs, and adult or senior animals also demonstrated increased adjusted risk. These findings reinforce the epidemiological relevance of free-roaming behavior and population management in regions where CTVT remains endemic. Beyond confirming well-recognized risk factors, the study highlights the importance of integrating demographic profiling into local control strategies. Identifying high-risk groups may support more effective surveillance, prevention, and early diagnosis initiatives, particularly in communities with limited access to veterinary care. Overall, this work contributes updated epidemiological insights into CTVT dynamics and underscores the need for targeted public health interventions to mitigate disease spread.