Associations between the risk of eating disorders, performance level and sport type during adolescence

This study examines the risk of eating disorders and psychological maladjustment among adolescent athletes, focusing on gender differences, age effects, and sports participation. A total of 9171 participants aged 11-19 from various performance levels were included in this cross-sectional investigation. Girls showed higher risks of eating disorders and psychological maladjustment than boys, with discrepancies increasing at higher competition levels. All eating disorder domains worsened with age and maturation among girls, while boys showed no significant changes. Physically inactive adolescents had the highest risk of eating disorders and psychological maladjustment. Competitive athletes exhibited lower risks compared to non-competitive peers. Among competitive athletes, boys demonstrated decreased risks at higher competition levels, whereas girls competing internationally showed worsened scores. The type of sport also influenced risk profiles, with individual sports associated with lower risks, particularly in boys competing in endurance sports and girls in gymnastics. These findings highlight the need for tailored interventions and support systems that address gender-specific needs and the unique challenges faced by adolescent athletes, especially at elite levels. Promoting a supportive sports environment can enhance the holistic well-being of young athletes, mitigating eating disorder risks and improving their psychological health.