Unlocking Ethiopia’s genomic landscape and its global significance: a call for inclusive genomics research

Ethiopia, located at the intersection of Africa and Eurasia, is a hub of human genetic diversity and cultural richness. Its proximity to the Middle East has historically positioned it as a vital trade corridor connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa. Located along both the “out of Africa” and “back to Africa” human migration routes, Ethiopia has become one of the most genetically, ethnically, culturally and linguistically, diverse countries in the world. This diversity is further shaped by adaptations to a wide range of environments, from the peaks of the Semien Mountains (4550 m or 14,928 feet above sea level) to the arid Danakil depression (100 m or 328 feet below sea level), both of which harbor rich fauna and flora. Despite its strategic location and rich genetic diversity, Ethiopian populations remain underrepresented in global genomics research. This review: (1) highlights key examples of genetic adaptations that shape the Ethiopian gene pool, including positive selection for high- and low-altitude adaptation, lactase persistence, UV exposure, disease resistance, sour taste perception, and metabolism, and (2) calls for genetics studies that incorporate the unique genetic evolutionary history of the Ethiopian population, which can generate important scientific insights. In the era of precision medicine, it is essential to include genetically diverse populations, such as Ethiopia’s, to ensure the advancement of clinical medicine for everyone.