Multi-technique comparative analysis of bioactive metabolites in <i>Alangium salviifolium</i> (L.f.) Wangerin leaf, fruit and seed extracts using UV-Vis, FTIR, HPLC, LCMS and cytotoxicity evaluation on A431 cell line

This study details the biochemical profiling of leaf, fruit, and seed extracts from <i>Alangium salviifolium</i> (L.f.) Wangerin (Cornaceae). Qualitative screening detected alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids, sugars, coumarins, proteins and amino acids. Quantitative assays revealed seeds with highest flavonoids (98.26 mg RE/g) and phenolics (72.42 mg GAE/g), fruits richest in alkaloids (69.46 mg AE/g) and leaves abundant in tannins (60.34 mg TAE/g) and phenolics (65.40 mg GAE/g). UV-Vis, FTIR and HPLC analyses highlighted organ-specific differences. Extracts showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against A431 cells, with IC₅₀ values of 10, 8 and 6.8 µg/mL for leaf, fruit and seed, respectively-seed extract nearing doxorubicin (5.4 µg/mL). LC-MS identified conserved C18 unsaturated fatty acids (m/z 277-281), phenolics/glycosides (m/z 227-323) and escalating lipid fragments (m/z 455-610) from leaves to fruit/seed. These findings confirm anticancer potential, warranting isolation of active compounds for mechanistic studies and drug development.