Cluster training versus traditional resistance training on lower-limb muscle strength, jumping, and explosive power performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cluster Training (CT) has been a potential advantage over Traditional Resistance Training (TT) in improving lower-limb performance remains controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to systematically compare the effects of CT and TT on lower-limb muscle strength, jumping, and explosive power performance in healthy adults, providing evidence-based guidance for the scientific design of strength training programs. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases for randomised controlled trials published up to July 15, 2025. Eligible studies included healthy adults who underwent resistance training involving lower-limb exercises for at least four weeks, with the primary difference between groups being the set configuration. Meta-analysis, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias within a random-effects model framework using standardised mean differences assessment were performed using Review Manager 5.4 and Stata 16 software. A total of 25 studies comprising 573 participants were included. Pooled results indicated no statistically significant difference between CT and TT in lower-limb muscle strength (SMD = -0.06; 95% CI: -0.29 ~ 0.17; p = 0.59) or jumping performance (SMD = 0.20, 95% CI: − 0.07 ~ 0.47, p = 0.14). However, CT demonstrated a small effect size on lower-limb explosive power performance compared with TT (SMD = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.07 ~ 0.50, p = 0.01). Subgroup analyses revealed that in studies with longer training durations (9–12 weeks) and athletic populations, CT elicited smaller gains in lower-limb strength than TT. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the findings, and publication bias tests showed no significant bias. CT appears to be a viable alternative to TT with small advantages for explosive power performance under certain conditions, while strength and jump performance are broadly comparable. In long-term interventions and among athletes, CT may induce smaller improvements in strength compared with TT. Therefore, training goals, duration, and population characteristics should be carefully considered when incorporating CT into practice. Future research should further explore the long-term neuromuscular adaptations and individualized optimization of CT programs. https//www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251090980.