IDO family: the metabolic crossroads connecting immunity, nerves and tumors

The IDO family plays a multifaceted and context-dependent role in various diseases through the kynurenine pathway, making it a promising target for diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic intervention. Future research should focus on optimizing multi-target inhibitors, developing innovative delivery systems, establishing biomarker-guided precision medicine strategies, and exploring non-enzymatic functions and downstream signaling networks of the IDO family. These efforts will help overcome the limitations of current therapies and provide new treatment paradigms for refractory diseases related to immune metabolic disorders.