Does Adding Real-Time Postural Feedback During Training Boost Balance and Mobility in Individuals With Parkinson’s Disease? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

ObjectiveTo evaluate the specific contribution of the real-time postural feedback component during training on balance and mobility in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD).MethodFive databases were searched in June 2025. Studies comparing the same basic balance and gait training with versus without feedback were included. Meta-analysis was conducted and the quality of evidence was assessed.ResultEleven studies were included. Narrative analysis indicated that additional feedback may immediately improve dynamic balance and modulate gait speed but not static balance. Meta-Analysis Showed providing feedback significantly augmented post-training improvement in standing balance (SMD = 0.880, 95% CI = 0.345∼1.416, moderate-quality), but not on walking stability (SMD = 0.516, 95% CI = -0.025∼1.058, moderate-quality), Berg Balance Scale (MD = -0.079, 95% CI = -2.159∼2.000, very-low-quality), Timed-Up-and-Go (MD = 0.939, 95% CI = -1.414∼3.293, low-quality), and walking speed (MD = 0.002, 95% CI = -0.057∼0.062, low-quality).ConclusionProviding real-time postural feedback may have immediate effects on dynamic balance and walking speed and a post-training effect on standing balance in PD.RegistrationCRD42024522330.