Field effects in penile squamous cell carcinoma: Insights from Wnt-related protein expression

This study provides the first evidence of molecular changes in peritumour tissue to demonstrate field effect in PeSCC, characterised by downregulation of Wnt4, upregulation of c-MYC, and altered spatial colocalisation of Wnt-related proteins in cancer-adjacent skin. These findings suggest that peritumoral tissues exhibit early molecular alterations that extend beyond the morphologically defined tumour margin. Recognising these changes may have implications for understanding tumour microenvironment conditioning and for the future development of biomarkers relevant to margin assessment in penile carcinogenesis.