Network toxicology and experimental validation reveal TDCPP as an emerging environmental risk factor for chronic kidney disease

Taken together, these findings suggest that TDCPP may contribute to CKD by disrupting CTRB1/HSPA1A and activating PI3K-Akt/MAPK signaling, which leads to immune dysregulation and progressive kidney injury. We propose a new adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework linking TDCPP exposure to CKD, and highlight CTRB1 and HSPA1A as potential biomarkers and mechanistic targets for environmental nephrotoxicity.