Utilize Remote Sensing Techniques for Mapping Karez Systems and Their Alignment with Keyline Design for Sustainable Water Management and Topographic Harmony

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been utilized for almost twenty years primarily in military contexts. Today, they serve as one of the most effective tools for remote sensing, with a wide range of applications.The main justification of this research is applying remote sensing a powerful tool for locating karez systems in eastern Missan. In the same way, analyzing their alignment with keyline design. In turn, offering insights into water harvesting as an ancient water management and its harmony with natural topography. The landscape analysis approach combines GIS technologies, remote sensing, drone surveys, and fieldwork, with a focus on water management and sustainability. The DJI Mini 2 drone was employed to capture high-resolution imagery, effectively covering a significant portion of the study area. Ineddtion to the fieldwork using the drone DJI Mini 2 highlighted the process of determining a very high-resolution scale for mapping, and analysis applying the Ground Sampling Distance. This makes it perfect for identifying karez system distribution and their extensions at flight’s height range is 114 to 37 meters. the keyline design principles align with the path of the karez system in the site. This alignment suggests that the karez system was designed in harmony with the natural topography, following the keyline to maximize water efficiency and minimize erosion or water loss. The match between the two indicates a sustainable and intelligent use of the landscape, where the karez system complements the natural water flow patterns identified by keyline design.